Assessing Reading (Alderson 2000, Cambridge University Press) Chap.6Assessing ReadingJ. Charles Alderson (2000,Cambridge University Press)Chapter 6 (担当:清水)Tests in the real world:test purposesIntroductionIn this chapter, I present a number of situations in which readingisassessed in relation to uses.(i.e.
Perseverance is rewarded with this discussion of reading and assessmentAssessing Reading is a look at the process of testing reading in a second language. Comprising of a review of past and current assessments of reading, the book also looks at how reading assessment might change in the future.The book explores what reading is and how it is assessed in different situations. Alderson is never able to make our understanding of this complete, but this is due to the nature of reading itself. As is made clear throughout, though there are many theories as to what reading could be, nobody really knows exactly what it is. This seems rather at odds with common sense, but Alderson reveals how problematic our understanding is by looking at the social, psychological and cognitive aspects of reading.I never found out exactly what reading is, but the journey was interesting and valuable in itself. On a more practical level it gave me a better idea of the purpose and structure of formal tests which I prepare my students for, such as the IELTS test.
It also helped me think about how I assess my students’ reading level in more informal situations.There are a few downsides to the book, like very obvious statements such as: “insofar as students find test situations threatening, we may risk inducing an understanding of the text which is “lower” than the same individuals might be able to achieve in other settings.” – surely not news for teachers. Also, although Alderson probably feels he must provide comprehensive coverage, there is a repetitive feel to some sections, which is only enhanced by the cyclic nature to his vocabulary and sentence structure. If you are able to get over these barriers however, the effort is worth it.Though the book purports to focus on second language reading, I felt it would be useful for other kinds of language teachers too. Much of the discussion is about reading as a phenomenon in itself, whether in a first or second language. Though not for the casual reader (I found myself assessing my own reading skills at times), if you are involved in test design, preparing students for reading tests, or teaching reading in general, then I think that there is something useful for you here.
Suggested ReadingBooks on Language TestingAlderson, J. Language Testing Construction and Evaluation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Bachman, L. Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Bachman, L. And Palmer, A.
Language Testing in Practice. Oxford:Oxford University Press.Brown, J. Testing in Language Programs.
Prentice Hall International.Carr, N. Designing and Analyzing Language Tests. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Clapham, C.
And Corson, D. Envclopedia of Language and Education, First Edition, Volume 7: Language Testing and Assessment. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Coombe, C., P.
O'Sullivan & S. Stoynoff (Eds.) 2012. The Cambridge Guide to Second Language Assessment. Dordrecht: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Davies, A. Principles of Language Testing. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Douglas, D.
Understanding Language Testing. London: Hodder Education.Fulcher, G. Practical Langauge Testing. London: Hodder Education.Fulcher, G.
Re-examining Language Testing. A philosophical and social inquiry. London and New York: Routledge.Fulcher, G. And Davidson, F. Language Testing: An advanced resource book. London and New York: Routeldge.Fulcher, G. And Davidson, F.
(Eds.) The Routledge Handbook of Language Testing. London and New York: Routeldge.Green, A.
Exploring Language Testing and Assessment. London and New York: Routeldge.Harrison, A. A Language Testing Handbook. London: Macmillan Press.Heaton, J.
Writing English Language Tests. London: Longman.Henning, G. A Guide to Language Testing: Development, Evaluation, Research. Cambridge, Mass.: Newbury House.Hughes, A. Testing for Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kunnan, A. The Companion to Language Assessment.
London: Wiley Blackwell.Lado, R. Language Testing. London: Longman.McNamara, T. Language Testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Shohamy, E. And Hornberger, N.
Envclopedia of Language and Education, Second Edition, Volume 7: Language Testing and Assessment. New York: Springer.Valette, R. Modern Language Testing.
New York: Harcourt Brace.Weir, C. Understanding and Developing Language Tests.
Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall.ValidityChapelle, C. 'Validity in Language Assessment' Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 19, 254 - 272.Chapelle, C. A., Enright, M. K., and Jamieson, J.
(Eds.) Building a Validity Argument for the Test of English as a Foreign Language. New York: Routeldge.Fulcher, G. 'Assessment in English for Academic Purposes: Putting Content Validity in its Place.' Applied Linguistics 20, 2, 221 - 236.Fulcher, G. In Kunnan, A. (Ed.) The Companion to Language Testing (pp.
1431 - 1451). London: Wiley-Blackwell.Kane, M. 'An argument-based approach to validity.' Psychological Bulletin 112, 3,527 - 535.Kane, M. 'Current concerns in validity theory.'
Journal of Educational Measurement38, 4, 319 - 342.Kane, M. In Brennan, R. (Ed.) Educational Measurement. Fourth Edition. Wesport, CT: American Council on Education and Praeger, 17 - 64.Messick, S.
(ed.) Educational Measurement. New York: Macmillan, 13 - 103.Messick, S. 'The Interplay of Evidence and Consequences in the Validation of Performance Assessments.' Educational Researcher 23, 2, 13 - 23.Moss, P. 'Can There Be Validity Without Reliability?' Educational Researcher 23, 2, 5 - 12.' 'The limits of authenticity in language testing.'
Language Testing 2, 1, 31 - 40.Spolsky, B. Measured Words.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.Stevenson, D. 'Authenticity, validity and a tea party.' Language Testing 2, 1, 41 - 47.Xi, X. 'Methods of Test Validation.' In Shohamy, E., and Hornberger, N. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Language and Education, 2nd Edition, Volume 7: Language TEsting and Assessment.
New York: Springer, 177 - 196.ReliabilityBaker, R. Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory in Test Analysis. Special Report No.
2, Language Testing Update. Lancaster: Lancaster University, United Kingdom.Crocker, L. And Algina, J. Introduction to Classical and Modern Test Theory. Florida: Holt Rinehart Winston.Lado, R.
Language Testing. London: Longman.Test SpecificationsDavidson, F.
And Lynch, B. Testcraft: A teacher's guide to writing and using language test specifications. New Haven: Yale University Press.Davidson, F. And Fulcher, G.
'The Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) and the design of language tests: A Matter of Effect.' Language Teaching 40, 3, 231 - 241.Fulcher, G. And Davidson, F. Test architecture, test retrofit.Language Testing 26, 1, 123 - 144.Item WritingBurton, S. J., Sudweeks, R.
R., Merrill, P. Brigham Young University Testing Services and Department of Instructional Science.Madsen, H. Techniques in Testing. New York: Oxford University Press.Stansfield, C. SOPI Test Development Manual. Washington DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.PretestingBrown, J. And Yamashita, S.
Language Testing in Japan. Tokyo: JALT.All general books on language testing cover pre-testing. See especially those of J. Brown.Testing ReadingAlderson, J.
'The Testing of Reading.' In Nuttall, C. (ed.) Teaching Reading Skills in a Foreign Language. London: Heinemann.Alderson, J. Assessing Reading.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Clapham. The Development of IELTS: A Study of the Effect of Background Knowledge on Reading Comprehension. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Perkins, K.
'Assessing Reading.' Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 18, 208 - 218.Pumfrey, P.
Measuring Reading Abilities: Concepts, sources and applications. London: Hodder and Stoughton.Weir, C. 'The Testing of Reading in a Second Language.'
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Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Vol. 7, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 39 - 49.Testing WritingCumming, A. 'Expertise in Evaluating Second Language Compositions.' Language Testing 7, 1, 31 - 51.Cumming, A. 'The Testing of Writing in a Second Language.'
In Clapham, C. And Corson, D. (eds.) Language Testing and Assessment. Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Vol. 7, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 51 - 63.Cushing Weigle, S. Assessing Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Fulcher, G.
'Assssing Writing.' In Fulcher, G. (ed.) Writing in the English Language Classroom. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall Europe.Hamp-Lyons, L.
Assessing Second Language Writing in Academic Contexts. Ablex, Norwood NJ.Kroll, B. 'Assessing Writing Abilities.' Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 18, 219 - 240.White, E.
And Kamusikiri, S. (eds.) Assessment of Writing: Politics, Policies, Practices. New York: Modern Language Association.Testing ListeningBrindley, G.
'Assessing Listening Abilities.' Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 18, 171 - 191.Buck, G. 'Listening Comprehension: Construct Validity and Trait Characteristics.' Language Learning 42, 3, 313 - 357.Buck, G. 'Testing of Listening in a Second Language.' In Clapham, C.
And Corson, D. (eds.) Language Testing and Assessment. Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Vol. 7, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 65 - 74.Buck, G. Assessing Listening.
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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Testing SpeakingFulcher, G. 'The Testing of Speaking in a Second Language.' In Clapham, C.
And Corson, D. (eds.) Language Testing and Assessment. Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Vol.
7, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 75 - 85.Fulcher, G. Testing Second Language Speaking. London: Longman/Pearson Education.Fulcher, G. 'Assessing Language Quality'.
In Shohamy, E. (Ed.) Language Testing and Assessment. 7, Encyclopedia of Language and Education.
New York: Springer Publishers, 157 - 176.Lazaraton, A. A Qualitative Approach to the Validation of Oral Language Tests. Cambridge: Cambridge University Pressand the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate. Studies in Language Testing Series 14.Luoma, S.
Assessing Speaking. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Nakatsuhara, F. The Co-construction of Conversation in Group Oral Tests. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Turner, J.
'Assessing Speaking.' Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 18, 192 - 207.Ross, S. Interviewing for Language Proficiency: Interaction and Interpretation. London: Palgrave MacmillanVocabularyRead, J.
Assessing Vocabulary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Daller, H., Milton, J. And Treffers-Daller, J. Modelling and Assessing Vocabulary Knowledge.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Schmitt, N. Researching Vocabulary: A Vocabulary Research Manual. London: Palgrave Mamillan.Integrated AssessmentAsencion-Delaney, Y. Investigating the reading-to-write construct. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 7(3), 140-150.Carson, J.
A task analysis of reading and writing in academic contexts. Hirvela (Eds.) Linking literacies: Perspectives on L2 reading-writing connections (pp. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.Cumming, A., Kantor, R., Baba, K., Erdosy, U., Eouanzoui, K., & James, M. Differences in written discourse in independent and integrated prototype tasks for next generation TOEFL. Assessing Writing, 10, 5-43.Feak, C. Building on the impromptu: A source-based writing assessment. College ESL, 6(1), 73-84.Grabe,W.
Reading and writing relations: second language perspectives on research and practice. Kroll (Ed.), Exploring the dynamics of second language writing (pp.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Lewkowicz, J. Writing from sources: Does source material help or hinder students' performance?
McNeill (Eds.), Language and learning (pp. Hong Kong: Government Printer.Lewkowicz, J.
The integrated testing of a second language. Calpham (Ed.), Encyclopedia of language and education, Vol. 7: Language testing and assessment (pp. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Plakans, L. Comparing composing processes in writing-only and reading-to-write test tasks.
Assessing Writing, 13, 111-129.Plakans, L. The role of reading strategies in integrated L2 writing tasks. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, doi 10.1016/j.jeap.2009.05.001Plakans, L. (forthcoming) Discourse synthesis in integrated second language writing assessment. Language TestingWatanabe, Y. Read-to-write tasks for the assessment of second language academic writing skills: Investigating text features and rater reaction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Hawaii, Manoa.Trites, L., & McGroarty, M.
Reading to learn and reading to integrate: new tasks for reading comprehension tests? Language Testing, 22, 174-210.Weigle, S. Integrating reading and writing in a competency test for non-native speakers of English.
Assessing Writing, 9, 27-55.Yu, G. Reading to summarize in English and Chinese: A tale of two languages?
Language Testing 25, 521-551.Yu. The shifting sands in the effects of source texts summarizability on summary writing.
Assessing Writing, 14(2), 116-137.Testing for Specific PurposesClapham, C. The development of IELTS: A study of the effect ofbackground knowledge on reading comprehension. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.Douglas, D. 'Language for Specific Purposes Testing.' In Clapham, C. And Corson, D.
(Eds.) Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Vol. 7: Language Testing and Assessment, 111 - 119.Douglas, D. 'Testing methods in context-based SL research.' In Bachman, L. (Eds.) Interfaces Between Second laguage Acquisition and Language Testing Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 141 - 155.Douglas, D.
Assessing Languages for Specific Purposes. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.Douglas, D. 'Assessing the communication skills ofveterinary students: Whose criteria?' Kunnan (Ed.), Fairness inLanguage Testing. Selected Papers from the 1997 Language Testing ResearchColloquium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Jacoby, S.
And McNamara, T. 'Locating competence.'
English forSpecific Purposes 18.3: 213-241.McNamara, T. Measuring Second Language Performance. London: Longman.Selinker, L.
'On the use of informants in discourse analysis and language for specific purposes.' International Review of AppliedLinguistics, 17: 189-215.Skehan, P. Issues In the testing of English for specificpurposes. Language Testing 1: 202-220.Widdowson, H. Learning purpose and language use. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.Test Taking StrategiesAllan, A. Development and validation of a scale to measure test-wiseness in EFL/ESL reading test-takers.
Language Testing, 9(2), 101-122.Anderson, N. Individual differences in strategy use in second language reading and testing. The Modern Language Journal, 75(4), 460-472.Anderson, N., Bachman, L., Perkins, K., & Cohen, A. An exploratory study into the construct validity of a reading comprehension test: Triangulation of data sources.
Language Testing, 8(1), 41-66.Cohen, A. On taking language tests: What the students report. Language Testing, 1(1), 70-81.Cohen, A. Exploring strategies in test-taking: Fine-tuning verbal reports from respondents. In Ekbatani, G.
& Pierson, H. (Eds.), Learner-directed assessment in ESL (pp. 127-150), Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Cohen, A. The coming of age of research on test-taking strategies.
Language Assessment Quarterly, 3(4), 307-331.Cohen, A. D., & Upton, T. Strategies in responding to the new TOEFL reading tasks Monograph No. Princeton, NJ: ETS. 'I want to go back to the text': Response strategies on the reading subtest of the New TOEFL. Language Testing, 24(2), 209-250.Nevo, N.
Test-taking strategies on a multiple-choice test of reading comprehension. Language Testing, 6(2), 199-215.Phakiti, A.
A closer look at the relationship of cognitive and metacognitive strategy use to EFL reading achievement test performance. Language Testing, 20(1), 26-56.Purpura, J.
Learner strategy use and performance on language tests: A structural equation modeling approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Rogers, W. T., & Bateson, D. The influence of test-wiseness on the performance of high school seniors on school leaving examinations.
Applied Measurement in Education, 4, 159-183.Stemmer, B. What's on a C-test taker's mind? Mental processes in C-test taking.
Bochum: Universitatsverlag Dr. Brockmeyer.Storey, P. Examining the test-taking process: A cognitive perspective on the discourse cloze test. Language Testing, 14(2), 214-231.ImpactAlderson, J. 'Does Washback Exist?' Applied Linguistics 14, 2, 115 - 129.Cheng, L. 'Washback, Impact and Consequences.'
In Shohamy, E., and Hornberger, N. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Language and Education, 2nd Edition, Volume 7: Language TEsting and Assessment. New York: Springer, 349 - 364.Cheng, L., Watanabe, Y. With Curtis, A.
Washback in Language Testing: Research Contexts and Methods. Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum.Davidson, F., Turner, C. And Huhta, A. 'Language Testing Standards.' In Clapham, C. And Corson, D. (eds.) Language Testing and Assessment.
Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Vol. 7, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 303 - 311.Davies, A. 'Demands of being professional in language testing.' Language Testing 14, 3, 328 - 339.Fulcher, G.
And Bamford, R. 'I didn't get the grade I need. Where's my solicitor?' System 24, 4, 437 - 448.Green, A. IELTS Washback in Context: Preparation for academic writing in higher education. Cambridge: Cambridge Universeity Press.Hamp-Lyons, L. 'Washback, Impact and Validity: Ethical Concerns.'
Language Testing 14, 3, 295 - 303.Hamp-Lyons, L. 'Ethics in Language Testing.' In Clapham, C.
And Corson, D. (eds.) Language Testing and Assessment. Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Vol. 7, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 323 - 333.Lynch, B. 'In search of the ethical test.' Language Testing 14, 3, 315 - 327.McNamara, T.
'The Sociopolitical and Power Dimensions of Tests.' In Shohamy, E., and Hornberger, N.
(Eds.) Encyclopedia of Language and Education, 2nd Edition, Volume 7: Language TEsting and Assessment. New York: Springer, 415 - 428.McNamara, T. And Roever, C.
Assessing Reading Ppt
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And Douglas, D. Assessing Language through Computer Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Automated ScoringBernstein, J., Van Moere, A., and Cheng, J. Validating Automated Speaking Tests. Language Testing 27, 3.Chapelle, C. A., Chung, Y-R, Hegelheimer, V., Pendar, N.
Towards a computer-delivered test of productive grammatical ability. Language Testing 27, 3.Dikli, S. Journal of Technology, Learning, and Assessment 5, 1.Enright, M.
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✏Book Title: Assessing Reading✏Author: J. Charles Alderson✏Publisher: Cambridge University Press✏Release Date: 2000-02-24✏Pages: 398✏ISBN: 006✏Available Language: English, Spanish, And French✏Assessing Reading Book Summary: Written by a leading authority in both language testing, and in the nature of reading in a second or foreign language, this book is the most comprehensive and up to date treatment of the assessment of reading in a foreign or second language. It is unique in that it reviews theory, research and practice in the assessment of reading. It is invaluable for anyone wishing to assess the reading ability of language learners. It provides the novice with a comprehensive overview of the basic tenets of reading assessment, and the expert with an in-depth discussion of the major issues in the field. ✏Book Title: Assessing Reading 1 Theory and Practice✏Author: Colin Harrison✏Publisher: Routledge✏Release Date: 2002-01-04✏Pages: 224✏ISBN: 273✏Available Language: English, Spanish, And French✏Assessing Reading 1 Theory and Practice Book Summary: This book, along with its companion volume Assessing Reading 2: Changing Practice in Classrooms, was originally conceived as the major outcome from an international seminar on reading assessment held in England. It focuses particularly on theoretical and methodological issues, though with a clear series of links to practices in assessment, especially state and national approaches to classroom-based assessment in the USA, the UK and in Australia, at both primary and secondary levels.
Chapters offer new perspectives on the theories that underlie the development and interpretation of reading assessments, national assessments and classroom-based assessment, challenging readers to think in different ways. ✏Book Title: Assessing Reading Changing practice in classrooms✏Author: Martin Coles✏Publisher: Psychology Press✏Release Date: 1998✏Pages: 183✏ISBN: ✏Available Language: English, Spanish, And French✏Assessing Reading Changing practice in classrooms Book Summary: This second book focuses directly on the classroom, on the challenges individual teachers face in classroom-based assessment, and how these challenges have been and are being met in a range of international contexts. ✏Book Title: Assessing and Teaching Reading Comprehension and Writing 3 5✏Author: K. Michael Hibbard✏Publisher: Eye On Education✏Release Date: 2003✏Pages: 199✏ISBN: 591✏Available Language: English, Spanish, And French✏Assessing and Teaching Reading Comprehension and Writing 3 5 Book Summary: The performance tasks in this book are linked directly to instructional strategies and include holistic rubrics, analytic rubrics, and assessment lists. They can be photocopied and distributed to your students.
Included in this series are 98 performance tasks, 196 assessment lists, 18 holistic rubrics, 30 analytic rubrics, 88 graphic organizers. ✏Book Title: Assessing Reading 2 Changing Practice in Classrooms✏Author: Martin Coles✏Publisher: Routledge✏Release Date: 2002-01-04✏Pages: 200✏ISBN: 211✏Available Language: English, Spanish, And French✏Assessing Reading 2 Changing Practice in Classrooms Book Summary: This second book focuses directly on the classroom, on the challenges individual teachers face in classroom-based assessment, and how these challenges have been and are being met in a range of international contexts. ✏Book Title: The Psychological Assessment of Reading✏Author: John R.
Beech✏Publisher: Psychology Press✏Release Date: 1997✏Pages: 354✏ISBN: ✏Available Language: English, Spanish, And French✏The Psychological Assessment of Reading Book Summary: A useful guide to best practice including reviews of the latest and most helpful tests available. In Part One, contributors discuss the theory of reading assessment including issues such as screening, legal aspects, memory and visual problems, computer based assessment and the dyslexias. Part Two contains the review section where experts give comprehensive reviews of named tests. ✏Book Title: Assessing Readers✏Author: Rona Flippo✏Publisher: Routledge✏Release Date: 2014-01-23✏Pages: 376✏ISBN: 741✏Available Language: English, Spanish, And French✏Assessing Readers Book Summary: A Co-publication of Routledge and the International Reading Association This new edition of Assessing Readers continues to bridge the gap between authentic, informal, and formative assessments, and more traditional quantitative, and summative assessment approaches.
At the heart of the book is respect and confidence in the capabilities of knowledgeable teachers to make the correct literacy decisions for the students they teach based on appropriate assessments. Inclusive and practical, it supports individual classroom teachers' knowledge, beliefs, decisions, and roles and offers specific assessment, instruction, and organizational ideas and strategies, while incorporating a range of perspectives that inform the field of reading and literacy education, covering the most important ideas and information found in more traditional reading diagnosis books. Changes in the Second Edition Addresses the Common Core State Standards Includes Response to Intervention (RTI) Discusses family literacy in language-diverse homes and the needs of ELL students Covers formative assessment Offers ideas and guidelines for ELL assessment Looks at issues of accountability and teaching to prescribed state tests and objectives versus accommodating to them – the pitfalls and problems and how to cope Provides new practical examples, including new rubrics, more teacher-developed cognitive assessments, a new case study, and new teacher-developed strategy lessons. ✏Book Title: Assessing and Teaching Reading Composition and Writing K 3✏Author: K. Michael Hibbard✏Publisher: Routledge✏Release Date: 2013-09-13✏Pages: 208✏ISBN: 551✏Available Language: English, Spanish, And French✏Assessing and Teaching Reading Composition and Writing K 3 Book Summary: The performance tasks in this book are linked directly to instructional strategies and include holistic rubrics, analytic rubrics, and assessment lists.
They can be photocopied and distributed to your students.
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